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What is Free Evolution? Free evolution is the idea that natural processes can cause organisms to develop over time. This includes the development of new species as well as the transformation of the appearance of existing species. Numerous examples have been offered of this, including different varieties of stickleback fish that can live in either fresh or salt water and walking stick insect varieties that favor particular host plants. These are mostly reversible traits can't, however, explain fundamental changes in body plans. Evolution by Natural Selection The development of the myriad of living creatures on Earth is an enigma that has fascinated scientists for many centuries. Charles Darwin's natural selection is the best-established explanation. This happens when those who are better adapted are able to reproduce faster and longer than those who are less well-adapted. Over time, the population of well-adapted individuals grows and eventually forms an entirely new species. Natural selection is a process that is cyclical and involves the interaction of 3 factors that are: reproduction, variation and inheritance. Variation is caused by mutations and sexual reproduction both of which increase the genetic diversity of the species. Inheritance refers the transmission of a person's genetic traits, including recessive and dominant genes, to their offspring. Reproduction is the process of creating fertile, viable offspring. This can be accomplished through sexual or asexual methods. Natural selection only occurs when all these elements are in equilibrium. If, for instance the dominant gene allele makes an organism reproduce and last longer than the recessive gene allele then the dominant allele is more common in a population. If the allele confers a negative survival advantage or reduces the fertility of the population, it will go away. The process is self-reinforced, meaning that an organism that has a beneficial trait is more likely to survive and reproduce than an individual with an unadaptive trait. The more offspring that an organism has, the greater its fitness which is measured by its capacity to reproduce and survive. Individuals with favorable characteristics, like longer necks in giraffes, or bright white colors in male peacocks, are more likely to survive and produce offspring, so they will make up the majority of the population in the future. Natural selection is only a force for populations, not individual organisms. This is a major distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution which holds that animals acquire traits due to usage or inaction. For instance, if the animal's neck is lengthened by reaching out to catch prey and its offspring will inherit a longer neck. The differences in neck size between generations will continue to grow until the giraffe becomes unable to breed with other giraffes. Evolution through Genetic Drift Genetic drift occurs when the alleles of a gene are randomly distributed within a population. At some point, only one of them will be fixed (become common enough that it can no longer be eliminated by natural selection) and the other alleles drop in frequency. In extreme cases it can lead to one allele dominance. The other alleles are basically eliminated and heterozygosity has diminished to zero. In a small number of people this could lead to the complete elimination the recessive gene. Such a scenario would be called a bottleneck effect, and it is typical of the kind of evolutionary process that occurs when a large number of individuals migrate to form a new group. A phenotypic 'bottleneck' can also occur when survivors of a disaster like an outbreak or mass hunting incident are concentrated in the same area. The survivors will be largely homozygous for the dominant allele, meaning that they all share the same phenotype, and consequently have the same fitness characteristics. This situation could be caused by earthquakes, war, or even plagues. The genetically distinct population, if it is left susceptible to genetic drift. Walsh, Lewens, and Ariew use Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew use a “purely outcome-oriented” definition of drift as any departure from the expected values for differences in fitness. They give the famous example of twins who are both genetically identical and share the same phenotype, but one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other is able to reproduce. This kind of drift could be vital to the evolution of the species. It's not the only method of evolution. Natural selection is the primary alternative, in which mutations and migrations maintain the phenotypic diversity of a population. Stephens asserts that there is a vast distinction between treating drift as an actual cause or force, and treating other causes like migration and selection mutation as forces and causes. He claims that a causal-process account of drift allows us separate it from other forces and that this distinction is crucial. He further argues that drift has both an orientation, i.e., it tends towards eliminating heterozygosity. It also has a size, which is determined based on population size. Evolution by Lamarckism Students of biology in high school are frequently introduced to Jean-Baptiste Lemarck's (1744-1829) work. 에볼루션바카라 of evolution, often referred to as “Lamarckism” is based on the idea that simple organisms transform into more complex organisms through taking on traits that are a product of an organism's use and disuse. Lamarckism is typically illustrated by an image of a giraffe stretching its neck to reach higher up in the trees. This could result in giraffes passing on their longer necks to their offspring, who would then get taller. Lamarck the French Zoologist, introduced an innovative idea in his 17 May 1802 opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged the traditional thinking about organic transformation. According to him, living things had evolved from inanimate matter via a series of gradual steps. Lamarck was not the first to make this claim, but he was widely thought of as the first to provide the subject a thorough and general overview. The most popular story is that Lamarckism became an opponent to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and that the two theories battled it out in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually prevailed and led to the development of what biologists call the Modern Synthesis. The Modern Synthesis theory denies that traits acquired through evolution can be inherited and instead suggests that organisms evolve by the symbiosis of environmental factors, including natural selection. Although Lamarck believed in the concept of inheritance by acquired characters and his contemporaries also paid lip-service to this notion however, it was not a major feature in any of their evolutionary theories. This is due to the fact that it was never scientifically validated. It's been over 200 years since the birth of Lamarck, and in the age genomics, there is a growing evidence base that supports the heritability acquired characteristics. This is sometimes referred to as “neo-Lamarckism” or more frequently, epigenetic inheritance. It is a variant of evolution that is as relevant as the more popular Neo-Darwinian model. Evolution by the process of adaptation One of the most widespread misconceptions about evolution is that it is a result of a kind of struggle to survive. This view misrepresents natural selection and ignores the other forces that determine the rate of evolution. The fight for survival is better described as a fight to survive in a certain environment. This can include not just other organisms, but also the physical environment itself. To understand how evolution functions it is important to think about what adaptation is. The term “adaptation” refers to any specific feature that allows an organism to live and reproduce within its environment. It could be a physical feature, such as feathers or fur. It could also be a behavior trait such as moving to the shade during hot weather or moving out to avoid the cold at night. An organism's survival depends on its ability to draw energy from the surrounding environment and interact with other organisms and their physical environments. The organism should possess the right genes to create offspring and to be able to access enough food and resources. The organism should also be able to reproduce itself at the rate that is suitable for its niche. 바카라 에볼루션 , along with gene flow and mutation, lead to changes in the ratio of alleles (different forms of a gene) in the population's gene pool. Over time, this change in allele frequencies can lead to the emergence of new traits and ultimately new species. Many of the features we find appealing in plants and animals are adaptations. For 에볼루션바카라 or gills that extract oxygen from air feathers and fur for insulation, long legs to run away from predators and camouflage to conceal. To understand the concept of adaptation, it is important to discern between physiological and behavioral traits. Physiological adaptations like thick fur or gills are physical characteristics, whereas behavioral adaptations, such as the tendency to seek out friends or to move to the shade during hot weather, aren't. In addition, it is important to understand that lack of planning is not a reason to make something an adaptation. In fact, failing to consider the consequences of a choice can render it unadaptable, despite the fact that it may appear to be sensible or even necessary.